Nuclear reactions is the process involving the transformation of atomic nuclei due to interactions with other nuclei, particles, or photons, resulting in changes to the composition or energy state of the involved nuclei. This academic concept investigates the mechanisms, products, energy dynamics, and probabilities (cross-sections) of these nuclear transformations, which are characterized by significant changes in nuclear binding energy and the potential formation of new nuclides. Understanding nuclear reactions is fundamental to fields such as astrophysics (stellar energy and nucleosynthesis), nuclear energy generation (fission and fusion), and various applications in science and technology.